What role do ground stations play in space missions?

Ground networks for spacecraft operations

Ground stations provide communications, telemetry, tracking, and command services essential for spacecraft control, data downlink, and navigation. They form a global network that supports real-time operations and science data transfer.

Typical services:

• Continuous or scheduled data downlinks for science and engineering.
• Command uplinks to control spacecraft and update software.
• Ranging and Doppler tracking for precise navigation.

Network considerations

• Multiple ground sites or relay satellites (e.g., TDRS) extend coverage and reduce communication gaps.
• Secure, redundant links ensure mission resilience.

Ground infrastructure is a fundamental part of mission architecture, enabling spacecraft to deliver science, remain healthy, and respond to operators on Earth.